To meet the Hollywood requirements DVD-Video discs can be copy protected and region coded

To protect the copyright of Hollywood studios DVD-Video discs can be copy protected and can be region coded to play only in designated region(s). Copy protection comprises both digital and analogue methods.

Digital Copy Protection
The Content Scrambling System (CSS) is used to scramble the audio/video data on a DVD-Video disc. Each video title set (VTS) can be selectively scrambled using a unique key. Each unique title is assigned one Disc Key and up to 99 Title Keys (one per VTS), which are stored on the disc in encrypted form.

In the decoder, the original keys are obtained by decryption and used to descramble the data. Only the video data is encrypted. For DVD-ROM drives, the MPEG-2 decoder challenges the drive and receives the necessary keys for decryption. This ensures that only approved hardware/software can be used.

The keys used should be unique for every disc title and are encrypted by the CSS Licensing Authority and, usually, the scrambling is carried out during glass mastering. Security is vital and the keys used plus the encryption algorithms must be kept secret. Only those companies involved in designing hardware and software for CSS encoding and/or decoding need information on the algorithms and systems used.

Analogue Copy Protection
The Macrovision Analogue Protection System (APS) is based on Macrovision version 7.0 and is used to distort the composite video output to prevent recording and playback on VHS. This does not extend to RGB or YUV outputs for which new methods are required and are currently being investigated.

Adding APS to a DVD-Video disc requires the content owner to become licensed by Macrovision and the authoring studio to set a flag to enable APS in the player.

Region Coding
DVD-Video discs that are CSS copy protected can also be region coded to prevent e.g. a US disc playing on a European player and vice versa. This allows titles to be distributed in different parts of the world at different times. A total of six regions (or locales as they are called) have been defined to cover all countries.

Region 1	USA, Canada
Region 2	Europe, Middle East, South Africa, Japan
Region 3	Southeast Asia, Taiwan
Region 4	Central America, S. America, Mexico, Australia, New Zealand
Region 5	Russian federation, Africa (part), India, Pakistan
Region 6	China
Region 7	undefined
Region 8	for use by airlines etc